Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Russian-controlled Poland, where academic opportunities for women were limited. Determined to study science, she moved to Paris, adopted the name Marie, and enrolled at the Sorbonne. There she met Pierre Curie, a physicist who shared her passion for rigorous experiment. Together they investigated invisible rays emitted by uranium, a phenomenon Becquerel had recently discovered.

The Curies coined the term radioactivity and, through painstaking work with pitchblende ore, isolated two new elements: polonium, named for Marie's homeland, and radium. Marie's 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics—shared with Pierre and Becquerel—made her the first woman Nobel laureate. After Pierre's death in 1906, she became the first female professor at the Sorbonne and continued research that earned her a second Nobel, in Chemistry, in 1911.

During World War I, Curie organized mobile X-ray units—petites Curies—to help surgeons locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers. She died in 1934 from aplastic anemia linked to long radiation exposure, before the health risks were fully understood. Her life combined breakthrough discovery, institutional barriers overcome, and service under fire, making her an enduring icon of scientific courage.

1. 1867

   Born in Warsaw

   Raised in an educated Polish family under Russian partition.

2. 1891

   Moves to Paris

   Studied at the Sorbonne, earning degrees in physics and mathematics.

3. 1898

   Discovers Polonium and Radium

   Identified new elements while studying uranium rays with Pierre Curie.

4. 1911

   Second Nobel Prize

   Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry for isolating radium and studying its properties.

5. 1934

   Death in France

   Died from illness linked to radiation; later interred in the Panthéon.